Advantages And Disadvantages Of Web Databases Information Technology Essay

Focal points And Disadvantages Of Web Databases Information Technology Essay In this part, the aftereffects of starting examinations and investigation completed so as to decide the necessities that which is required of the framework by its future clients, is laid out. Right off the bat, we investigate the underlying foundation research and its discoveries comparable to the theme. Furthermore, this section at that point proceeds to talk about the system and advancement instruments picked to build up the application. At last, the necessities determination of the framework is delineated including the clients prerequisites both useful and non-practical that have been the guide in the advancement of the framework. 2.1 Background Research and Analysis As a major aspect of the underlying phases of the venture, examinations were completed away from plain sight of the point territory of online applications since the application that has been created is in itself an electronic database application just as into the potential desires and needs that clients would expect of such a framework. Other than explore in different bits of writing and the web, casual meetings were likewise done with clients of comparable known framework, so as to show signs of improvement comprehension of what clients of such a framework would generally expect as a component of building up a necessities particular. 2.1.1 Background Research Findings Inside the most recent decade, the quick development of the web has opened the entryway for associations to exploit its advantages as a way to improve their working proficiency, lower cost and at last give themselves an upper hand over their rivals. Electronic applications are progressively being utilized to deal with errands done by conventional applications, for example, information stockpiling and exchange applications. With respect to information stockpiling, ****} Being online, web applications have huge advantages over their customary partners yet with being electronic additionally come numerous difficulties for designers due essentially to their dynamic nature. This is because of quickly evolving advancements, visit changes of client necessities, and dynamic parts of the product innovations (Wu Offutt). Being developed of these applications, designers must guarantee that they are truly dependable, display high ease of use just as security (Wu Offutt). In contrast with their conventional programming partners, web applications must be created to be accessible consistently; they should be viable given the fast development of innovation and in particular, as they depend on the web, they should be exceptionally adaptable to encourage a worldwide market and prepared to develop as far as servers, administrations, and clients rapidly. (Wu Offutt) Online database applications, being web applications themselves, are no exemption. The web as a stage for database frameworks as indicated by Connelly Begg (2005) can convey creative answers for both between and intra-organization business tasks yet additionally has its inconveniences. Points of interest and Disadvantages of Web Databases as indicated by Connelly Begg(2005) Points of interest Burdens Straightforwardness: They are anything but difficult to create, as HTML whereupon they are based is anything but difficult to learn and utilize. Cross Platform support: Being online, they are not kept to a specific OS stage as they are open by means of internet browsers. Normalization: With HTML being a standard on all programs, HTML reports can be perused from any machine on the planet. Versatile Deployment Unwavering quality: The web is at present a questionable and moderate correspondence medium. On occasion servers can be down and a message might be postponed to be sent. Likewise at top time when its is fundamentally moderate. Security: Security is of extraordinary concern particularly when the association makes its databases available on the web. Cost Restricted Functionality of HTML: Some profoundly intelligent database applications may not be changed over effectively to online applications, while as yet giving a similar ease of use. 2.1.2. Issue Analysis In view of perceptions from the every day activities of the MIS office with respect to issue following, the essential tasks can be summed up as appeared in the rich picture below*******} 2.1.3. Meeting Analysis During the examination did, casual meetings were completed with people who associate with comparative frameworks to the one proposed. The inquiries utilized in these meetings can be found in Appendix A. The two people who were talked with use electronic assistance work area applications that are introduced on their particular companys organize as an application open by means of internet browsers. See figure 1 beneath for a screen capture of one these applications. FIGURE 1 Unicenter ServicePlus An online assistance work area application utilized by one of the specialists met. While these clients portrays these ********************} 2.2 Development Methodology Choice of the most suitable system for advancement is significant for the accomplishment of the task. This is because of the way that utilizing an unseemly procedure can prompt issues, for example, cost invades because of poor task the executives, venture deficiency or the improvement of an inappropriate usefulness to erroneous details. The strategy chose for the advancement of the framework would be the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). This technique was chosen since it is one of the most steady procedures with least hazard. Likewise, the improvement way to deal with be utilized would be that of the Waterfall Life Cycle model which is perfect for unpracticed engineers. (Weaver 2004) It was additionally chosen because of its effortlessness. The framework was demonstrated with the utilization of ER Diagrams just as Use Case graphs. Use case outlines were utilized as they are extraordinary compared to other displaying instruments that give a thought on how the framework will work according to how the clients would connect with it. It additionally gives an away from of who the clients of the framework would be and the different perspectives. 2.3 Development Tools Urgent to the improvement of the application, is the determination of the correct programming apparatuses. All things considered, since the application is an online database arrangement, it was important to choose the product instrument that could be best utilized as the establishment for the electronic database. The database apparatuses considered were MySQL, MS Access and Oracle Database 10g Express. The table beneath shows an examination between these three:- At long last, the database instrument chose was Oracle Database 10g Express Edition which was picked due to its straightforwardness to utilize and learn. Another in addition to this application is its web status which makes it simple to have on the web, a vital necessity for the application once finished. The downside******} 2.4 Requirement Specification The framework was created to help 3 degrees of clients, to be specific: Directors General Users Experts Each Useful Requirements As indicated by Weaver(2004), Functional prerequisites are those that characterize in some detail what the framework needs to do. The practical necessities from the clients perspective are as per the following: The General client or Employee ought to have the option to:- Register and Login utilizing Username and Password Authentication Include an issue View Solved Problems Change and Update individual data The Technical Support Manager ought to have the option to:- Login utilizing Username and Password Authentication View and answer to Problems Allot Problems to Technicians Include, Update or Delete System Users View take care of issues and include comments Include or Update Supplier data View Technician subtleties Survey Resource History Reset User Passwords View employments Done The Technician ought to have the option to:- Register and Login utilizing Username and Password Authentication Search and View Problems Assigned View Jobs done View Work Queue Include, Append, Delete Job History Record Work done Update individual data Change secret key Other Functional Requirements incorporate:- Information This is the life saver of the framework and is along these lines one of the most significant parts of the framework. The information that the framework would utilize are:- Assets (assigned Hardware and Software) and their special data, for example, its sequential number, date of procurement, provider, permit subtleties (for programming assets), current area (a room number) and the asset type (for example Hewlett Packard T540 Imaging Package, or Microsoft Windows XP Professional 2002 Service Pack 1). Issues revealed by Employees Data recorded once a vocation is finished by a specialist. Preparing This incorporates the preparing of issues detailed by Employees, and the assignment of occupations to Technicians dependent on the issues by the Technical Support Manager. UI As indicated by Weaver (2004), the UI of a framework ought to be: Basic Made for the User Predictable Non-Functional Requirements As indicated by Weaver(2004), non-practical necessities portray the exhibition and limitations that the framework should meet. The non-utilitarian necessities are: Convenience: The UI must be steady and easy to use while guaranteeing most extreme productivity while clients explore through the application. Accessibility: the framework must be accessible consistently during working hours. Access: Users would be limited by their client type or level. Clients will require a Username and Password to get to the framework. Limit: the framework must be fit for holding enormous volumes of information, explicitly grievances just as arrangements.

Habits of the Heart Essay

most is Brian Palmer. He is an effective representative and is a top level supervisor in a huge organization. He got separated from his first spouse due to wrong needs. At the point when they were as yet hitched, he devoted his time in working for his family. He was under the confusion that the job of a dad and spouse is to give his family all the things that they need and for him to be a superior dad, he ought to likewise give their needs. He believed that in the event that he will win cash, which is all that could possibly be needed for them, his family will live joyfully. Nonetheless, he understood that cash and work isn't all that matters. He didn't understand the cost that his being a persevering dad is influencing his youngsters and his relationship with his significant other. After his separation with his better half, their kids decided to live with him. This caused him to understand that he isn't as terrible a dad that he thinks he is. He may have planned something for merit this adoration from his kids. The separation gave him existence to think and ponder the things that had occurred previously and what he had fouled up for this to occur. It was difficult for him or his children however when Brian Palmer had chosen to be content with his kids, that was defining moment of their lives. He had changed his needs and he had likewise changed his objectives. Since he is hitched to his subsequent spouse, who additionally had kids with her first husband, he has committed his life to his marriage and to every one of his youngsters. He likewise had restored his needs and he had discovered that family starts things out. He additionally discovered that adoration isn't accepting his better half and youngsters things; it is sharing. Love is partaking as far as his time, endeavors, and even contemplations. This move of needs had made him cheerful and his family glad. In spite of the fact that Brian Palmer’s circumstance and my circumstance are not the very same, I could state that I can relate with him since we presently esteem something very similar †our family. It is a typical slip-up for individuals to devote their lives in their work to the point that they penance their time which should be spent for their family. They frequently protect themselves that they are doing this to assist their family. They imagine that by giving everything to their friends and family, they are indicating their affection for them. This is the regular misinterpretation of individuals. I can relate more to the offspring of Brian Palmer since I originated from a wrecked family. At the point when I was as yet youthful, things were going easily. My dad had a high situation in their organization and my mother was going into business. They were occupied yet they despite everything discovered time to go through with me and my sibling. Until, things slowly changed between my folks and us, their kids. It began when my folks began to miss uncommon events, similar to my birthday or my brother’s graduation in basic. It likewise tormented us to see them battle now and again. From the outset, I didn't comprehend why they were battling about cash or why I feel ungainly when I they kiss me on the cheeks. I before long understood that I currently only occasionally observe them together, with the exception of when they’re battling. It was hard for me and my sibling to grow up without our folks when we need them. It got to the heart of the matter where I despised unique events since it was only an update that I was separated from everyone else and that I don’t have my folks to celebrate with me or to simply be with me. It went to a point where my folks have considered getting separated. My sibling got exceptionally discouraged that he was should have been brought to the emergency clinic. It was an eye opener for my folks. They found the opportunity to see one another and stop and talk some time. They found the opportunity to reflect and ask themselves, â€Å"how did we arrive? † After that occurrence, my folks concluded that family should consistently start things out. This carried another light to our family. With our parents’ support, my sibling gradually recuperated from his downturn. From that time on, our parent’s lives got more joyful and they presently persuaded an opportunity to be with us. I additionally got glad and now I could state with satisfaction that my folks love me and I have an upbeat family. The character that I can relate the least is the character of Margaret Oldham. She is a therapist and is prepared to tune in to people’s dramatization throughout everyday life. This thus made her adaptable to the characters of individuals around her. This thusly gave her the resilience that she needs to fit on the planet where different characters exist. She was brought up in the stable and has a solid feeling of order. A solid feeling of control is something that I am not exceptionally acclimated with. During when I felt alone and that my folks were not in acceptable terms, there was no one to teach me. I was under the feeling that I could do everything without exception that I needed as long as I am not doing anything which is illegal. Margaret was an achiever in school and in her calling. I was not excellent in scholastics since my folks didn't set any guidelines for me. In contrast to different guardians, they advise their youngsters to accomplish the best in school for them to show signs of improvement occupations and that instruction is something that they can give their kids, which can't be detracted from them. I, then again, was not mindful of this. Training was something I thought was only a phase in life that I need to experience and that it is something that I ought to likewise understanding for me to be â€Å"normal† among my friends. I differ to her conviction that individuals ought not expect that an individual could make them â€Å"magically happy† on the grounds that when my folks at long last understood their mix-up on us and chose to accommodate and have a superior family life, I was â€Å"magically happy†. I was euphorically glad to see that my folks were currently ready to give their best to make up for lost time a shot us and realize us better. Notwithstanding, I could state that she is directly in saying that individuals ought to convey more on what they need and feel to have the option to be glad. I think, it is through correspondence that individuals can comprehend each other and know about the sentiments of others. She additionally expressed that as a grown-up, one ought to acknowledge his/her moral obligation; that everyone is liable for themselves. I consent to her in a manner since we are capable of our demonstrations and it is dependent upon us to settle on choices for ourselves. Notwithstanding, we ought to likewise recognize the effect that we have on different people’s lives. Our activities and choices could influence the individuals who care for us and are unforgettable to us. In deciding, we ought to likewise consider the impact that the choice could provide for other people. She accepts that a person’s satisfaction includes profound self-information, a wide resilience of the distinctions among individuals, and the readiness to acknowledge duty regarding one’s own life. I should concede that I am not very much aware of these duties as an individual previously, however after I read Margaret Oldham’s character, I should state that it had opened an entire alternate point of view in my life. It caused me to understand that there are more things to learn throughout everyday life so why spend it in self centeredness.

Fall 2012 Admission Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2012 Admission Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you are a prospective student you might have noticed a trend in the blog posts over the past few months.   For the most part blog posts in the late spring and summer are directed at those that have applied and received admission to the program.   Much of the blog content will still be geared in this direction throughout the summer, however information regarding the application process is going to start becoming more prevalent, especially near the end of the summer. There never is really a slow time in our office, we are always busy and much of the summer is spent preparing for the next admission season.   The summer tasks we are engaged in include making updates to our application, getting our computer systems set up, and planning our recruitment schedule.   Here are just a few notes on the application process for fall 2012 admission. First, SIPA no longer offers spring admission.   If you are interested in applying to SIPA you must submit an application for fall consideration.   The application deadline for fall admission will be January 5th, 2012 and the application will open on September 1st, 2011. Spring admission involved some complications that did not result in the most satisfying student experience so the Admissions Committee made the decision to do away with spring admission. Second, I will be posting announcements regarding the application over the summer.   For example, the Admissions Committee is discussing changes to the personal statement questions and when we have decided on what questions to ask, I will post an update on the blog. Third, representatives of SIPA will be engaging in both domestic and international travel in the fall.   When the travel schedule firms up I will post updates here as well. Fourth, when summer wraps up and students return from their internships, we will feature a number of entries written by students that should provide great insight into the professional development aspect of SIPA. All this and more will be sprinkled in over the summer and early fall so stay tuned.   On a final note and as mentioned above, we hope to have our new application live on September 1st.   If you wish to get an idea of the requirements, click here for a recap of the process last year.   We will be changing a few things but for the most part the process will remain similar.

A Writ Moral Philosophy Essay - 1216 Words

Philosophy 0500 WRIT: Moral Philosophy Fall, 2016 Paper 2, Option A 140072139 Word Count: Justifying the Single Rule Every person is seeking happiness, whether she knows this or not. Mill’s Utilitarianism outlines the facets of the philosophy of utility and arrives at the conclusion that happiness is the ultimate end which propels humanity. All our decisions, consciously or unconsciously, generate more happiness and minimize pain. Mill’s assertion is a bold one, as it serves as a universal thesis for all of the humanity s behavior. The claim seems to boil down every person’s desires to one general idea: that we are all seeking happiness in some form or another. The justifications he uses include: explaining why every person desires happiness, how happiness has different components that people desire, and what constitutes desiring. Utilitarianism defines morality by using a single rule: the moral decision is the one that maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain. Asserting that actions should only be judged by their consequences, it concludes that neither means nor motives dictate the degree of morality. Each person’s happiness is valued equally and one should strive to create happiness and prevent misery. By the time Mill reaches Chapter 4, he has been arguing for utilitarianism assuming that the doctrine of happiness being the only desirable end as already true (he then justifies it in Chapter 4). By this point, he has already discussed what constitutes pleasure, andShow MoreRelatedPunishment Philosophies1704 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment Philosophies Abstract The processes by which justice is applied are determined largely by proposed punishment philosophies. These express various concerns and arguments regarding appropriate sentencing and treatment. 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Ethics reflect beliefs about what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behaviorRead More The Nature of Justice in Society and the Individual According to Plato2338 Words   |  10 Pageseasily understood through the understanding of justice in terms of society. This is like the case in which writing too small to be read, using eyes alone and solitary from a frame of reference, might be capable of understanding if it were to be found writ large elsewhere. â€Å"†¦we shall expect to find that the individual soul contains the same three elements and that they are affected in the same way as are the corresponding types in society,† (Plato 54). Therefore, Plato makes his case through

Effects Of Social Media On Female Body Image - 1717 Words

â€Å"When all you see is a body type that only two percent of the population has, it’s difficult to remember what’s real and what’s reasonable to expect of yourself and everyone else.† This was stated by Arielle Cutler, who studied the recent effects social media has on the female body image. Not only has media made women feel insecure about their bodies but it pinpoints exactly what bothers them. It could be weight, skin problems, height, and even a clothing style. The media sends subliminal messages into a female’s brain that makes them think they need to reach the expectations of what they read on the internet and in magazines or what they see on television (TV). The pressure a female is put under to become the â€Å"ideal woman† is detrimental to their health, not only physically but also mentally. The images of beauty are unrealistic and are constantly changing, making it hard to keep up with the latest body trend. In reality, even the models and the people we look up to, the people who we are supposed to look like, struggle with their own self image: â€Å"Yes, they’re also victims of the media. I’ve worked with models whose names you’d know based on how popular they are, and they’ve had to lie in bed for 20 minutes in the morning repeating to themselves, â€Å"I am worthy to get up† because they think they’re ugly and they’re depressed and suicidal. Other people look at them and say, â€Å"Wow, they must have a good life,† but they have no idea what these women deal with everyday.† EvenShow MoreRelatedMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesresources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. 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For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these imagesRead MoreHow Does The Media Affect Male Body Image?874 Words   |  4 PagesExploratory Analysis: How Does The Media Effect Male Body Image? Today in modern society, we are driven by social forces. Not only do we strive for human approval and companionship, we also thrive on social media. The media plays such a pivotal role in what we buy, eat, wear, etc. that we are conditioning ourselves to fit the mold for the â€Å"perfect† or â€Å"ideal† body type. 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It is how we perceiveRead MoreMedia and Unrealistic Body Image Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesposition where they are constantly flooded with idealistic images that depict what the media perceives as the â€Å"perfect body.† Quite often, young university-attending females, those who are involved in social identity formation, are exposed to numerous forms of media that fabricate various experiences relative to body image. In the past, researchers have surveyed women who are exposed to body-related standards using multiple forms of mass media as a unified entity, which has caused for limitations since

Understanding by Design Free Essays

Marnelli C. Joyosa January 19, 2013 BSED/ 011-0187 Understanding by Design’s Weaknesses 1. If you plan lessons that may broadly be described as open ended, based on standards, containing clear criteria for student success, include different ways to ensure student enthusiasm, flexible enough to accommodate the â€Å"teachable moment†, accessing the higher echelons of bloom’s taxonomy and integrating skills then the likelihood is you won’t learn anything new from understanding by design. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding by Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Creating a unit using the backward design planning process is not a neat, tidy or easy process. It is a recursive one; you will move back and forth across the curriculum map, making revisions and refinements each time you add something to a section of your planning. 3. Teachers think that â€Å"transfer† in UBD means applications to real life. They often â€Å"force† activities that are contrived. Sometimes applications are beyond students’ experiences. 4. â€Å"Other activities are impractical for huge classes. † 5. Understanding alone can be detrimental to other skills. 6. â€Å"In UBD, knowing aims to come after understanding but in reality, understanding comes after knowing. † 7. â€Å"Mandate that every teacher must use UBD for all of their planning immediately (without sufficient training, ongoing support or structured planning time). Provide one introductory presentation on UBD and assume that teachers now have the ability to implement UBD well. † 8. Other teachers were not directly trained but were told to just follow the guides. Some did not get any guides, so they had to do â€Å"UBD-sounding† lesson plans on their own. 9. Many schools say they do not know what textbooks to use since current books are not â€Å"UBDized. † 10. UBD’s process was not fine-tuned with consonant to an area or region’s context, needs and goals. How to cite Understanding by Design, Papers

Nothing but the Truth Essay Example

Nothing but the Truth Essay Such a simple idea. Yet the force that drives it is powerful. Some might say, too powerful. Why, you ask. Because everything depends on the balance of truth. When a simple moment is blown out of proportion, it can lead to catastrophic results. Truth or the lack thereof affects every judgment that has, or ever will be made. Our decisions are clouded by how much of the truth we really know. It really isn’t that much of a wonder that an innocent lie can worm its way into the core of balance, and by slightly upsetting the scales, ruin everything. In Nothing But The Truth, both Philip Malloy and Miss Narwin’s life gets changed after the public begins to interfere with their dismal relationship. However, not all of what occurred was Philip’s and Miss Narwin’s fault. The lie Philip instilled into the system was nurtured and cared for by others, and it took a life of its own. The three biggest components (excluding Philip or Miss Narwin) of their jigsaw of problems were Philip’s parents, the School Administration, and Ted Griffen. These people are the biggest players of the game, because they had the power to use and the ability to administer it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They should have taken more responsibility and instead of letting the situation run away and get out of hand, they should’ve contained it so that it wouldn’t explode in their faces. Philip’s parents had a huge influence on the outcome of the story. They were the driving force of Philip’s side. Without even thinking about both sides of the story, they automatically started a war-of-sorts against Miss Narwin. Philip’s parents should have listened to what Miss Narwin was saying. They should have paid more attention to the whole story, and should have kept a closer touch with Philip in general. If they had been able to keep a closer eye on the situation, they might have been able to tone it down a bit. Philip’s parents also took their opinion too far. The fact that Philip got suspended simply for singing the national anthem is too unusual for that to be the whole story. Alerting the media and making it a huge deal was just overdoing things. The School Administration is another cause for the outcome. They ought to have stuck with Miss Narwin the whole way, because she was one of their teachers. They shouldn’t have let the world hate her for something that she didn’t do; they should’ve stood up for her because they knew the truth. The administration was all talk and no work. They kept declaring how they couldn’t afford the budget to not pass, but they never tried to do anything about fixing the situation until it was too late. When the superintendent eventually confronted Ted Griffen, it was too late to change anything. If they had been more proactive instead of waiting for the outcome, they might have been able to alter the ending and maybe save the budget too. Although he might not seem important, Ted Griffen was a huge element of this escapade. Because his only motive was to be on the board of education, he didn’t care what consequences would occur, and was willing to go to any extent to reach his goal. He manipulated the situation to his complete advantage. Since he knew that the public didn’t want to pay for the budget, he used the school’s dilemma as his campaign premise, and was able to hurl the situation out of control very easily. Because he appealed to the people’s needs, he could make feeble connections between the situations, and then draw on their agreement to give him votes. Philip’s parents, the Administration, and Ted Griffen have a lot to account for. They were the dynamic influences, the people with opportunities to keep the situation in hand. As a result of bad judgment and planning, they caused Philip to eventually move to Washington Academy and for Miss Narwin to resign. Because they made the wrong the choices, and then the effects of their actions were truly revealed. They didn’t wield their power properly, and both Philip and Miss Narwin suffered.

The Man Who Brought Geometry to the World

The Man Who Brought Geometry to the World Much of our modern science, and astronomy in particular, has roots in the ancient world. In particular, the Greek philosophers studied the cosmos and tried to use the language of mathematics to explain everything. The Greek philosopher Thales was one such man. He was born around 624 BCE, and while some believe his lineage was Phoenician, most consider him to be Milesian (Miletus was in Asia Minor, now modern Turkey) and he came from a distinguished family. It is difficult to write about Thales, since none of his own writing survives. He was known to be a prolific writer, but as with so many documents from the ancient world, his vanished through the ages. He is mentioned in other peoples works  and seems to have been quite well-known for his time among fellow philsophers and writers. Thales was an engineer, scientist, mathematician, and a philosopher interested in nature. He may have been the teacher of Anaximander (611 BC - 545 BCE), another philosopher. Some researchers think Thales wrote a book on navigation, but there is little evidence of such a tome. In fact, if he wrote any works at all, they did not even survive until the time of Aristotle (384 BCE- 322 BCE). Even though the existence of his book is debatable, it turns out that Thales probably did define the constellation Ursa Minor. Seven Sages Despite the fact that much of what is known about Thales is mostly hearsay, he was definitely well-respected in ancient Greece. He was  the only philosopher before Socrates to be counted among the Seven Sages. These were  philosophers in the 6th century BCE who were  statesmen and law-givers, and in Thaless case, a natural philosopher (scientist).   There are reports that Thales predicted an eclipse of the Sun in 585 BCE. While the 19-year cycle for lunar eclipses was well known by this time, solar eclipses were harder to predict, since they were visible from different locations on Earth and people were not aware of the orbital motions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth that contributed to solar eclipses. Most likely, if he did make such a prediction, it was a lucky guess based on experience saying that another eclipse was due. After the eclipse on 28 May, 585 BCE, Herodotus wrote, Day was all of a sudden changed into night. This event had been foretold by Thales, the Milesian, who forewarned the Ionians of it, fixing for it the very year in which it took place. The Medes and Lydians, when they observed the change, ceased fighting, and were alike anxious to have terms of peace agreed on. Impressive, but Human Thales is often credited with some impressive work with geometry. It is said he determined the heights of pyramids by measuring their shadows and could deduce the distances of ships from a vantage point onshore. How much of our knowledge of Thales is accurate is anyones guess. Most of what we know is due to Aristotle who wrote in his Metaphysics: Thales of Miletus taught that all things are water. Apparently Thales believed the Earth floated in water and everything came from water. Like the absent-minded professor stereotype still popular today, Thales has been described in both glowing and derogatory tales. One story, told by Aristotle, says Thales used his skills to predict that the next seasons olive crop would be bountiful. He then purchased all the olive presses and made a fortune when the prediction came true. Plato, on the other hand, told a story of how one night Thales was gazing at the sky as he walked and fell into a ditch. There was a pretty servant girl nearby who came to his rescue, who then said to him How do you expect to understand what is going on up in the sky if you do not even see what is at your feet? Thales died about 547 BCE in in his home of Miletus. Edited and updated by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

How to Study Shakespeares Sonnet 73

How to Study Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 is the third of four poems concerned with aging (Sonnets 71-74). It is also hailed as one of his most beautiful sonnets. The speaker in the poem suggests that his lover will love him more, the older he gets because his physical aging will remind him that he will die soon. Alternatively, he could be saying that if his lover can appreciate and love him in his decrepit state then his love must be enduring and strong. You can read the full text to Sonnet 73 in our collection of Shakespeare’s sonnets. The Facts Sequence: Sonnet 73 is part of the Fair Youth SonnetsKey Themes: Ageing, mortality, enduring love, forthcoming death inspiring stronger love, seasons of lifeStyle: Sonnet 73 is written in iambic pentameter and follows the traditional sonnet form A Translation The poet addresses his lover and acknowledges that he is in the Autumn or Winter of his life and that he knows his lover can see that. He compares himself to a tree in the Autumn or Winter: â€Å"Upon those boughs which shake against the cold.† He explains that the sun (or life) in him is fading and night (or death) is taking over - he is aging. However, he knows his lover still sees a fire in him but suggests that it will go out or that he will be consumed by it. He knows his lover sees him getting older but believes it makes his love stronger because he knows that he will die soon so will appreciate him while he is there. Analysis The sonnet is somewhat tragic in tone because it is based on wishful thinking: as I get older, I will be loved more. However, it could be saying that even though the lover can perceive his aging, he loves him regardless. The tree metaphor works beautifully in this case. It is evocative of the seasons and relates to the different stages of life. This is reminiscent of the â€Å"All the world’s a stage† speech from As You Like It. In Sonnet 18 the fair youth is famously compared to a summer’s day – we know then that he is younger and more vibrant than the poet and that this concerns him. Sonnet 73 contains many of the reoccurring themes in Shakespeare’s work concerning the effects of time and age on physical and mental wellbeing. The poem could also be compared to Sonnet 55 where monuments are â€Å"besmeared by sluttish time†. The metaphors and imagery are pungent in this evocative example of Shakespeare’s mastery.

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Speech - Essay Example for charting all of the pertinent information specific to their patients and single handedly act as the liaison between the doctors and their patients. One would think that it would be the nurses who receive upwards of a half a million dollars a year along with private offices and reserved parking spaces. This is in fact, far from the reality of how the health care industry works. It is not an uncommon scenario to find an E.R. with full occupancy of its bays while still more patients poor through the door via ambulance. These patients are often stuck in the halls on cardiac monitors or in wheelchairs as they wait for the next bed to hopefully open up. While there is always an E.R. attending physician, it is the many R.N’s and L.P.N.’s that juggle the mass of sick patients which most hospitals never seem to be at a loss for. Nurses are essentially on the front lines of the medical industry and are paid little more than laborers and in some cases, they are paid less than laborers such as auto mechanics. It is relatively normal for an L.P.N. to make in the neighborhood of $16.00 an hour while an R.N. can command about $26.00 depending on years of

Corporate Logos and Their Change in Design over the Years Research Paper

Corporate Logos and Their Change in Design over the Years - Research Paper Example The researcher states that Jim Nash made a black and white headshot of Quaker Man in 1946. This eliminated the other constituents of Quaker Man’s body which symbolized a more focus in providing the higher quality of products, matched with a smiling facial expression that conveyed a more positive outlook towards the consumers. In 1957, Haddon Sundblom painted a colored version of Quaker Man’s headshot which was used up until the recent times. In 1972, the company logo produced a radically redesigned monochromatic logo by Saul Bass. This signified a unified company, which embodies one single goal patterned after the honest and true values of the owners. However, as the company approached the contemporary era, the logo was shifted back to Sundblom’s original version, with a bigger Quaker word and an embossed gold border surrounding the headshot of Quaker Man. Recently, Quaker introduced a new logo set in Archer typeface, which is popularized by Hoefler and Frere-Jon es. The typical all-caps company name was replaced by a new font style that shows a simple and friendly ambiance. The Quaker Man was moved from the center portion of the logo to the inner portion of the letter Q. This was made after Quaker introduced a new line of tasty delights as they continue to venture into the global market. The logo produced a rather interesting message that is both eye-catching and message instilling. The Visa logo was typically shown in a flag design with the colors blue, white and gold. The blue and gold colors were associated with the blue skies and the golden hills of California, where the BankAmericard originated. At the company’s early times, Visa was originally a lending instrument that provided aid for people who are in need of financial assistance.

Project Management in SMEs

Project Management in SMEs Introduction To Literature Review: Literature Review is done by knowing a clear definition of SMEs, its role in the Indian economy. Then it is carried out by analyzing the definition of project management and its significance in the SMEs, and next the definition of project and its factors affecting the success of a project was discussed. This chapter also deals with the staffing of a project manager, project team and also about the effective skills required for a project manager to implement successful project management methodologies into an organization. This literature also covered by the critical analysis of effective risk management through Project Management practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in India, here mainly it was discussed about the types of risks that an organization encounters while establishing/choosing a vendor, and ways of analysis this risks through project management techniques. This chapter also explained about the ways of implementing a project management methodology into an SME and effec ts that a SME might face of implementing the project management tools and techniques. Definition Of Smes: SMEs can be defined in different forms due to broad mixture in business. A company is generally distinguished as a small or medium enterprise based on the total number of employees, total turnover and the balance sheet of the company. A company is considered as a small firm if it has 50 employees with an annual turnover of about  £5.6 million and an annual balance sheet of  £2.8 million. On the other hand, a firm is said to be a medium firm when it has a total of 250 employees with a turnover of about  £22.8million and a balance sheet of  £11.4million (company act 1985, Duke Ghosh, 2009). Role Of Smes In Indian Economy: SMEs are most vital part in the sustainable economical growth and participating in a long run of development of industrial sector from the past few years, SMEs are considered as a stepping stone for industrial growth. It has ability to transfer technology and modernization which brings economic success in this modern era. In the development of better and greater economic growth, competition, flexibility and good communication are the required parameters, for this reason SMEs are becoming like of mixture of competitiveness within the economy while providing flexibility and better communication system to the complete industrial structure. (Duke Ghosh, 2009) Recently the dimensions of the SMEs are seems likely to be increasing due to the government promotions and also its encouragement towards the goal of SMEs. The growth of the entrepreneurial sector have been raised from 870,000 businesses in 1981 to nearly 4 million by 2003 by the identification of importance and its development by the government of India. And it stood next to gigantic agricultural sector in providing the employment opportunities (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This SMEs are acting like a job providing engines, which indirectly raising the per capita of the nation economy. Such firms make significant contributions to private sector employment and output, which appears to be increasing overtime (Storey, 1994). The following diagram show the growth and the position of the development of the small industries development as on 2003 according to SIDO Importance Of Smes To The Indian Economy SMEs, however defined, constitute the majority of all enterprises in most of the economies in the world (OCED, 1998). SMEs are not only acting as employment generator but also achieved outstanding credit in Indian economy by satisfying its core objectives and being as a supporting body to the large firms. This is one of the main reasons why the SMEs have gained more attention from the politicians, policy-makers and academics. However, between 1945 and the late 1960s there was little interest in small firms from either the government or academics. According to Mr. Pawan Kumar Bansal, Union Ministry of State for Finance, Bangalore; says that SMEs are playing a vital role in socio-economic policies of Government of India. Foreign earning and imports of foreign capital goods contribution have been developed by the socio economic policies of India (Mr. Pawan Kumar, 2007). â€Å"SMEs were regarded as being poorly managed, badly organised and reliant on outmoded technologies to produce inferior products and services† (Manson and Harrison, 1990). For this reason the Indian government have implemented many more SMEs policies for their development and mainly focused on promoting clusters of small firms and supporting the development of high-tech sector such as IT sectors and BPOs in Bangalore, and this policies have been very successful as a results many of the outsourcing companies from western countries are moving to India (Patrizio B, et. al, 2006). Starting with wide varieties of situations and approach, a huge amount of SMEs policies have been implemented in developing countries like India (Parrilli, 2005). Services have been the fastest-growing sector of the Indian economy over the past decades and helped to accelerate the overall growth rate of the economy, this services have also made Indias integration with the world economy through trade and capital flows (Uma Kapila, 2009). The phenomenal growth and export in the services like IT and BPO have placed India on the global map as one of the major players in the field of knowledge-based services this also helped to improve the performance of the other sectors of the economy in turn helping the overall development. Project Management And Its Significance: This literature says before knowing about the significance of project management in SMEs, it is important to explain the definition of the project management and its approach of implementing a project as follows: Project Management: â€Å"The purpose of project management is to plan, organize and control all activity so that the project is completed as successfully as possible in spite of all the difficulties and risks. This process starts before any resources are committed and must continue until all work is finished. The aim is for the final result to satisfy the objectives of both the project performer and the customer† (Lock, 2006, p. 1) It is known that projects differ from each other in more ways than one. They might differ in their structure, mode of operation, funds allocated or even the strength they comprise of or their criticality to the business (Heldman, 2005). Even though a similar project has been carried out in the past, the projects may differ in one or more aspects such as administrative, physical and commercial or a change in ways of working etc; managing projects is a part of every business and is quintessential for the smooth functioning and success of the project. Project Management includes all necessary activities needed to plan and execute a project (Lock, 2006). The two most important steps involved in going about a project are discussed below: Step 1: To decide what needs to be done before the initiation of a project. The next set of requirements from a project management perspective is to estimate the cost of completing the project and make sure there are necessary funds available to execute the project so as to bring name and revenue to the organization (Burke, 1999). People involved in planning the project need to ensure beforehand that they pick the right people to execute the project and make them aware of the responsibilities assigned to them. Project resources are the key to success in any project and its rarely a one-man team (Heldman, 2005). Therefore, a team that has an open-minded approach towards the project and all other people involved in the project and be prepared to motivate and be motivated throughout the length of the project. This will encourage teamwork and commitment in what they do. One of the key things to ensure higher rates of success in a project is to choose the right mix of people and the right level of management looking for process improvement and thereby providing value added services to customers. This in turn helps organizations improve their efficiency and help them to stay on top of its competitors (Baron, 2005). Every person involved needs to be updated by project leaders and start the chain of communication to ensure adequate buy-in and at the same time commit to managing their expectations from the project. The main aim of communication is to keep everyone updated about any latest developments that take place and keep them engaged (PMBOK, 2004). Provide clear briefs to people involved in the project to obtain commitment on work and deliveries (Baron, 2005). The support of sponsors is very important by making them commit to your approach. (Burke, 1999) Meeting the expectations of the stakeholders, meeting of objectives and requirements, meeting budget, meeting deadlines etc (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Step 2: We live in a competitive world where every firm attempts to make optimum use of resources and to be better than their competitors. This brings the area of proper planning and execution of the project. The main objective of planning a project well is to schedule and chart out the complete work for the project and then ensure arrangements are in order for work to start and continue as per schedule (Burke, 1999). For a project to be successful and be admired, it should complete on schedule. The project needs a leader who takes the final decision with the consent of all members in his/her team. He/she should portray the courtesy to listen to subordinates even when the opinion is not being considered or implemented (Heldman, 2005). People who carry out the project should be taken into confidence and spoken to regularly. Most importantly, a project should have clarity about its scope, objectives, responsibilities, cost and accountability, scope for improvement should be considered and stockholders should be kept in confidence (PMBOK, 2004). The literature explains that the project management methodologies allow the project manager to allocate and make more work done with less people and time, so it would be beneficial to the SME where it have very fewer people working. And also its make the organisation more effective by implementing more project in lesser time by providing clear control on the projects scope and changes and implementing them more effectively and efficiently. Project management improves the line of decision making; it also increases the quality of a project. SMEs can handle more projects by raising its business (Kerzner, 2003). Definition Of Project And Its Success Factors: Project: A project is a series of activities or tasks that have a specific objective to be completed within a determined specification; have defined start and end dates; usually funded and require resources (Kerzner 2003; Cooke-Davies 2001). When the project is said to be failed it is waste of capital, time and resource, a new lessons /techniques/methodologies have to be learned from the failed projects and the project manager/ project authorities have to continue for the new project. Project management is one of the methodologies which deals the projects in a systematic manner and says the following are the essential factors to be made to complete successfully with a project: Clarity In Project Definition: Project manager has to make himself/herself with a clear idea and definition of the project, but not only he/she but also to his/her project team. He/she have to make sure about the project specifications such as â€Å"what the project is about† its aim, objectives, and its deliverables, etc. For example we can talk about the case studies of some unsuccessful projects due to indistinct objectives and aims which are documented by Gray and Larson (Gray and Larson, 2002). Thus the chances of increasing project success lies in clear and distinct objectives and aims. Project Feasibility: It is one among the factors which talks about the social, economical, political, human, cultural, financial and environmental factors which underpins to the achievement of the project (Fullen, 2005). According to Khatib this factors would produce a good result for a project which undergoes a serious study, specified aim and objective and allocation of time (Khatib, 2003). Consistent feasibility makes a project manager to define himself with a clear and well project aim, time specifications, and allocation of resources. A positive feasibility brings more chances to lead a project success. Planning: â€Å"According to Kerzner project planning; in general, can best be described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. It can be described as a forecasting the environment and predefined course of action† (Kerzner, 2003 ). According to Kerzner, there are four basic reasons for project planning: Elimination or reduction of uncertainty. Improving the efficiency of the operation. Understanding a better understanding of the objectives. To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work. (Adapted from Kerzner, 2003) Work Breakdown Structure (Wbs): The important task to be done by the project manger after project planning is dividing the work into manageable tasks. â€Å"The work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables† (PMBOK, 2004). The work breakdown structure also explains complete scope of the project. The WBS divides the work into small tasks which are manageable and will have a specific responsible authority will be allocated, it will be in a manner of integratable so that the total work package is the summation of subdivided elements, and it will be as much as easy to be measure in terms of progress like estimating cost, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling (Kerzner, 2003). Involvement Of Project Stakeholders: â€Å"Project stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). Project stakeholders are also a part of the project success, to ensure this success the project team have to identify their requirements, expectations, and their influence on the project. Stakeholders may have various levels of authority/responsibility on the project; they may vary from occasional contributors to full sponsors for the project. â€Å"Stakeholder who ignores this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives. Likewise, project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). The above figure shows that every individual project is similar to the structure of the earth where in each sector plays an important role here the most interior structure is project manager who forms the base of any project. The project manager forms the integral part of a project management team along with whom he carry on the project. The project manager and the project management team together comprises of a project team where in this team wholly concentrate on the project that is to be taken. These three together works for the satisfaction of the stakeholders interested in the completion of the project it may comprises of the senior management of the company the owners and the clients of the company. Staffing The Project Manager And Project Team: As mention above to my literature the successful project includes; on time delivery, must come across stakeholders expectations, within budget and have to congregate the project deliverables (Cooke-Davies, 2004). Project manager is one who plays a vital role to mix all stuff to formulate the project to a success. â€Å"Project manager is the individual ultimately responsible for managing and leading the project to its successful conclusion† (Paul D, 2005). It is a role that entails a mix of competencies, combining management with leadership and political awareness (Pinto, 2000). Though understanding the role of project manager sounds good, but the upper management always find difficulties in the selection of a correct project manager. â€Å"Project management is said to be successful only if the project manager and his team are totally dedicated to the successful completion of the project. This requires the project team and project manager must have good understanding of the fundamental project requirements† (Kerzner, 2003). For this reason the upper management have to look up/focus at the following skills in the selection process from the individual to appoint him/her as a project manager: (this are requirements demanded by a SME in its advertisement for a facilities planning and development project manager (adapted from The New York Times, January 2, 1972) (source: Kerzner, 2003) Business Management Skills: If project management is itself an organization, as the whole project group will work as a solo unit for the achievement of a common goal, then the project manager is the CEO of this organization. So the organization skills are predominantly important during project development. With strong business management skills, he/she must be able to achieve the most excellent hysterics across teams and in the midst of all project resources of the organisation. â€Å"It requires defining the reporting relationship, responsibilities, line of control, and information needs. A good program plan and a task matrix are useful organisation tools plus clear defined program objectives, open communication channels, good program leadership, and senior management support† (Kerzner, 2003). Leadership Skills: Project manager is the one who has to manage his/her team and make them to follow him/her, has to act as a leader. He/she has to have a clear project leadership and own direction to direct the team members. He/she must be able to solve the conflicts, assistance in problem-solving, as a project leader he/she as to represent his/her team to upper level management. He/she as to motivate the project team members towards common vision. Project manager as a leader has to remain as a inspiration to his/her project team (Kerzner, 2003). Technical Skills: Technical skills is an superlative addition remark for a project manager, if his proficiency applicable to the project, by this he/she can have good thoughts and understanding about the projects and can work out more for his/her profound project objective (Horine 2005; Murch 2001). Now a day this skills achieved a greater importance, without technical skills a project manager cannot understand the present market, updated technology and the environment of the business. With the help of these technical skills one can understand the consequences or technical risks that encounter in the project, for example a software engineer being as a project manager and handling a software development project can easily sort the risks that appear in that project. He/she can make sure of his/her project team with a clear understanding of the foreseen risks that may appear in the project. â€Å"According to Kerzner, 2003 the technical expertise is composed of the following understanding: Technology involved Engineering tools and techniques employed Specified markets, their customers, and requirements Product application Technological trends and evolutions Relationship among supporting technologies People who are part of the technical community† (Source: Kerzner, 2003) Communication Skills: Another important skill set must be posed by the project manager is communication skills. â€Å"Project manager influence people o take action, this requires an ability to communicate in a style appropriate for the individual concerned† (Paul D, 2005). Project manager is the communication channel throughout the project. Project manager is effective means of communication hub between the project team and the end users. Project manager have to act as a communication radio and have to carry the stakeholders expectations towards the project team and have to bring the project to a successful effective end. Moreover, a successful project manager ensures smooth information sharing across teams via instilling a communication-driven environment that allows for efficient spread, user-friendliness and use of information. Conflict Resolution Skills: No project end up successfully without any conflicts, there might be foreseen risks or conflicts between the project team members or conflicts between project team and stakeholders. So this is the main reason that the project manager, the CEO of project management organization has to possess the problem solving skills/conflict resolution skills. Project success lies with how well the project manager solves the problems/conflicts. Soundness of the solution taken by the project manager with a logical and analytical thinking conforms how well the project manager good at reaching the project to a successful end. However these conflicts are beneficial to a project which indirectly increases the competiveness among the team members involved the project (Kerzner, 2003). Project Management Experience: Implementing successful project management lies in the hands of able project manager, so the project manager is responsible character and must possess prior project management experience in general. Project management is body of knowledge which can be learned from the realistic knowledge, but its not a skill which comes by itself. A well qualified project manager will be very much able to implement a successful project management into an organization. Past knowledge makes a manager to overcome all the challenges that he/she face in completing a project by using project management. Other Skills: There are so many other skills such as planning, resource allocation, management support building, and time management skills, etc, which make the project manager to lay his/her path successful in controlling the projects successfully. Not only this but also the entrepreneurial skills and administrative skills are very important in understanding the tactics and implement them in his/her own project and make the project victorious (Kerzner, 2003). A Critical Analysis Of Effective Risk Management Through Project Management Practices In Small And Medium Enterprises In India: Risk: Vose (2008, p. 3) defines the term risk as â€Å"a random event that may possibly occur and, if it did occur, would have a negative impact on the goals of the organization. Thus, a risk is composed of three elements: the scenario; its probability of occurrence; and the size of its impact if it did occur†. Any risk could prove an organisation wrong in its quest to achieve success. Risks can occur in various forms and their impact can vary under a lot of factors. In a high cost business environment that is under fierce competition from companies not just on a national, but also on a global level, the chances of risks arising multiply quickly and heavily (Crouhy et al., 2000). A firm can easily lose its name in the market because they had overlooked a miniscule drawback that their competitors overcame. Therefore, risks not only carry financial implications with them, but also other factors such as brand image, market credibility or loss of market share. To analyse and understand these implications, it is necessary to understand the types of risks and their varying characteristics (Flynn, 2008). Click and Duening (2004) have come up with a list of the various types of risks such as human capital risks, Confidentiality risks, overall project risks, and scope risks, delay risks, estimation risks and dependency risks may occur in the business. In addition to this there might be property (intellectual), legal, value related or unavoidable natural risks that generally exist and arise in a business. Types of risks: Human capital risks This has always been an important part of the business activity. People who work towards organizational goals are the most critical assets of the firm and the project (Beasley et al., 2004). A loss of an employee who was very important to the smooth functioning of a project can be a risky proposition because a new individual joining the project would need time to understand and evaluate a lot of factors contributing to the project. This would invariably lead to loss of productivity, a slump in team morale or even loss of time and money (Flynn, 2008). Project risks – These risks arise because of a lot of other risks contributing to the main risk of a project being delayed or even shelved in certain cases. There have also been instances where proper planning and regulation were absent or goals misunderstood leading to extended timeframes to complete the project thus leading to increased investments of critical resources (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A very good example of project risks can be seen in Government funded public projects or even military developmental projects where public time and money is involved. Confidentiality risk: The second most important risk that may appear in dealing a project is confidentiality risk, it mostly appear due to lack of secrecy. This is especially for the large projects. The information have to be kept confidential, if not the competitors with large team members may understand the work flow/formulae of the project and be able to built the project earlier as before you can. We must be careful especially when we involve contractors or outsiders into the project. Effective project management may help in having a good communication line among the team members, marketing staff, and contractors; this may helps to keep the information confidential (T Kendrick, 2009) Scope risks: This is another type of risk which mostly appears when the project starts to take a shape. This is due to requirement of a new technology, unfamiliar developments of tools or methods, poor testing criteria, inconsistent specification, undefined product definition, and technical complication (T Kendrick, 2009) Delay risks: Delay risk is part of schedule risks and these are after scope risks, these risks mainly appear due to the delay of the essential parts required for a project, it include customs, Paperwork, delivery, and related concerns. This is also due to the delay of information needed, communication gap and misunderstanding among the team members/ project stakeholders, etc. Due this factor the project may delay for some days, months or may be for years (T Kendrick, 2009) Estimating risks: Estimating risk appears mostly in technical projects. Project manager mostly says the typical risks arise in the project is estimating risks. Estimating risks occurs when there are learning curves ( when the quality of estimates of new technology, or new people involvement is not good), judgements (misunderstanding, disintegration of work), and imposed deadlines (forceful deadlines set in advance, when an objective is retained) (T Kendrick, 2009) Dependency risks: Other projects, infrastructure factors, and legal issues are three sub categories of dependency risks. In general large project are sub divided into small projects and mostly these small project will be dependent on the other, unfortunately when one small project is delayed/stopped the other projects which are dependent on it will be delayed. â€Å"Even for the interfaces that were defined in advance, delay was fairly common due to the uncertainty in each project† (T Kendrick, 2009) The above section has detailed the different types of risks that normally exist or co-exist in projects. Their modes of occurrence and the impact they can have on the project and the firm has been explained in brief. The following part would attempt to explain ways that firms, projects and managers involved employ to analyse and manage the same since the occurrence of a risk can pose a threat to the above in terms of time, money or even failure to deliver what has been promised. Analyzing And Managing Risks: Ways to manage risks with limited impact on other resources: Risks are present in abundance in any IT and outsourcing industries because of the processes being tightly interlinked such as business processes, database, or process reengineering. Therefore, it is very important to: Identify risks. Weigh risks for probability of risk occurring. Weigh risks for criticality/impact at your operations. Plan to reduce risk (to zero if appropriate, for example for a safety critical industry) (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A simple way of explaining risk analysis is to take an airplane for example because the traveler, who is the user, has zero tolerance to risks. In similar manner, risk analysis can be carried out for other products and services too. The most important indicative risks are business continuity management risks, information security/data privacy risks and process related risks (Lock, 2001). The need to evaluate and monitor risks involved from an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) perspective takes higher priority over other means of analysis in the information age of business (Flynn, 2008). It can be seen in the ERM diagram below the different risks across the entire organization that exist or arise and the need for them to be managed effectively (Beasley et al., 2004). An important reason firms should stress on analysing risks is the realization that risks delay chances of sticking to time schedules agreed by project leaders to customers in turn; leading to increased investment of resources in the form of man hours and time (PMBOK, 2004). This causes increase in investment of capital, which is something neither customers nor firms involved like to do. Risks occur at every stage of a project thus increasing stress on carrying out risk analysis and minimize the effects of risks on a given project. It means that risks and errors still occur when thorough analyses of their occurrence have been chalked out and steps have been implemented to minimize the effects they have on a project (Burke, 1999). However, prior knowledge of a risk occurring at a given period in the project enables people involved to counter the risk effectively and minimize or erase the impact it could have had on the project. Before the project could be initiated, assessing risks by knowing in exact what the project intends to do and the reason for it to be outsourced becomes very important. This could include assessing project behaviour under varying market conditions and the expected growth rate it can attain within a given period of time (Dickson, 2003). Risks need to be analyzed in a detailed manner by the top management in order to understand the various options available to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. This understanding and analysis becomes significant in implementing a sound risk management plan. A project taken up poses as a risk in itself to explore opportunities that lie waiting on the other side. Therefore, threats need to be minimized a Project Management in SMEs Project Management in SMEs Introduction To Literature Review: Literature Review is done by knowing a clear definition of SMEs, its role in the Indian economy. Then it is carried out by analyzing the definition of project management and its significance in the SMEs, and next the definition of project and its factors affecting the success of a project was discussed. This chapter also deals with the staffing of a project manager, project team and also about the effective skills required for a project manager to implement successful project management methodologies into an organization. This literature also covered by the critical analysis of effective risk management through Project Management practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in India, here mainly it was discussed about the types of risks that an organization encounters while establishing/choosing a vendor, and ways of analysis this risks through project management techniques. This chapter also explained about the ways of implementing a project management methodology into an SME and effec ts that a SME might face of implementing the project management tools and techniques. Definition Of Smes: SMEs can be defined in different forms due to broad mixture in business. A company is generally distinguished as a small or medium enterprise based on the total number of employees, total turnover and the balance sheet of the company. A company is considered as a small firm if it has 50 employees with an annual turnover of about  £5.6 million and an annual balance sheet of  £2.8 million. On the other hand, a firm is said to be a medium firm when it has a total of 250 employees with a turnover of about  £22.8million and a balance sheet of  £11.4million (company act 1985, Duke Ghosh, 2009). Role Of Smes In Indian Economy: SMEs are most vital part in the sustainable economical growth and participating in a long run of development of industrial sector from the past few years, SMEs are considered as a stepping stone for industrial growth. It has ability to transfer technology and modernization which brings economic success in this modern era. In the development of better and greater economic growth, competition, flexibility and good communication are the required parameters, for this reason SMEs are becoming like of mixture of competitiveness within the economy while providing flexibility and better communication system to the complete industrial structure. (Duke Ghosh, 2009) Recently the dimensions of the SMEs are seems likely to be increasing due to the government promotions and also its encouragement towards the goal of SMEs. The growth of the entrepreneurial sector have been raised from 870,000 businesses in 1981 to nearly 4 million by 2003 by the identification of importance and its development by the government of India. And it stood next to gigantic agricultural sector in providing the employment opportunities (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This SMEs are acting like a job providing engines, which indirectly raising the per capita of the nation economy. Such firms make significant contributions to private sector employment and output, which appears to be increasing overtime (Storey, 1994). The following diagram show the growth and the position of the development of the small industries development as on 2003 according to SIDO Importance Of Smes To The Indian Economy SMEs, however defined, constitute the majority of all enterprises in most of the economies in the world (OCED, 1998). SMEs are not only acting as employment generator but also achieved outstanding credit in Indian economy by satisfying its core objectives and being as a supporting body to the large firms. This is one of the main reasons why the SMEs have gained more attention from the politicians, policy-makers and academics. However, between 1945 and the late 1960s there was little interest in small firms from either the government or academics. According to Mr. Pawan Kumar Bansal, Union Ministry of State for Finance, Bangalore; says that SMEs are playing a vital role in socio-economic policies of Government of India. Foreign earning and imports of foreign capital goods contribution have been developed by the socio economic policies of India (Mr. Pawan Kumar, 2007). â€Å"SMEs were regarded as being poorly managed, badly organised and reliant on outmoded technologies to produce inferior products and services† (Manson and Harrison, 1990). For this reason the Indian government have implemented many more SMEs policies for their development and mainly focused on promoting clusters of small firms and supporting the development of high-tech sector such as IT sectors and BPOs in Bangalore, and this policies have been very successful as a results many of the outsourcing companies from western countries are moving to India (Patrizio B, et. al, 2006). Starting with wide varieties of situations and approach, a huge amount of SMEs policies have been implemented in developing countries like India (Parrilli, 2005). Services have been the fastest-growing sector of the Indian economy over the past decades and helped to accelerate the overall growth rate of the economy, this services have also made Indias integration with the world economy through trade and capital flows (Uma Kapila, 2009). The phenomenal growth and export in the services like IT and BPO have placed India on the global map as one of the major players in the field of knowledge-based services this also helped to improve the performance of the other sectors of the economy in turn helping the overall development. Project Management And Its Significance: This literature says before knowing about the significance of project management in SMEs, it is important to explain the definition of the project management and its approach of implementing a project as follows: Project Management: â€Å"The purpose of project management is to plan, organize and control all activity so that the project is completed as successfully as possible in spite of all the difficulties and risks. This process starts before any resources are committed and must continue until all work is finished. The aim is for the final result to satisfy the objectives of both the project performer and the customer† (Lock, 2006, p. 1) It is known that projects differ from each other in more ways than one. They might differ in their structure, mode of operation, funds allocated or even the strength they comprise of or their criticality to the business (Heldman, 2005). Even though a similar project has been carried out in the past, the projects may differ in one or more aspects such as administrative, physical and commercial or a change in ways of working etc; managing projects is a part of every business and is quintessential for the smooth functioning and success of the project. Project Management includes all necessary activities needed to plan and execute a project (Lock, 2006). The two most important steps involved in going about a project are discussed below: Step 1: To decide what needs to be done before the initiation of a project. The next set of requirements from a project management perspective is to estimate the cost of completing the project and make sure there are necessary funds available to execute the project so as to bring name and revenue to the organization (Burke, 1999). People involved in planning the project need to ensure beforehand that they pick the right people to execute the project and make them aware of the responsibilities assigned to them. Project resources are the key to success in any project and its rarely a one-man team (Heldman, 2005). Therefore, a team that has an open-minded approach towards the project and all other people involved in the project and be prepared to motivate and be motivated throughout the length of the project. This will encourage teamwork and commitment in what they do. One of the key things to ensure higher rates of success in a project is to choose the right mix of people and the right level of management looking for process improvement and thereby providing value added services to customers. This in turn helps organizations improve their efficiency and help them to stay on top of its competitors (Baron, 2005). Every person involved needs to be updated by project leaders and start the chain of communication to ensure adequate buy-in and at the same time commit to managing their expectations from the project. The main aim of communication is to keep everyone updated about any latest developments that take place and keep them engaged (PMBOK, 2004). Provide clear briefs to people involved in the project to obtain commitment on work and deliveries (Baron, 2005). The support of sponsors is very important by making them commit to your approach. (Burke, 1999) Meeting the expectations of the stakeholders, meeting of objectives and requirements, meeting budget, meeting deadlines etc (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Step 2: We live in a competitive world where every firm attempts to make optimum use of resources and to be better than their competitors. This brings the area of proper planning and execution of the project. The main objective of planning a project well is to schedule and chart out the complete work for the project and then ensure arrangements are in order for work to start and continue as per schedule (Burke, 1999). For a project to be successful and be admired, it should complete on schedule. The project needs a leader who takes the final decision with the consent of all members in his/her team. He/she should portray the courtesy to listen to subordinates even when the opinion is not being considered or implemented (Heldman, 2005). People who carry out the project should be taken into confidence and spoken to regularly. Most importantly, a project should have clarity about its scope, objectives, responsibilities, cost and accountability, scope for improvement should be considered and stockholders should be kept in confidence (PMBOK, 2004). The literature explains that the project management methodologies allow the project manager to allocate and make more work done with less people and time, so it would be beneficial to the SME where it have very fewer people working. And also its make the organisation more effective by implementing more project in lesser time by providing clear control on the projects scope and changes and implementing them more effectively and efficiently. Project management improves the line of decision making; it also increases the quality of a project. SMEs can handle more projects by raising its business (Kerzner, 2003). Definition Of Project And Its Success Factors: Project: A project is a series of activities or tasks that have a specific objective to be completed within a determined specification; have defined start and end dates; usually funded and require resources (Kerzner 2003; Cooke-Davies 2001). When the project is said to be failed it is waste of capital, time and resource, a new lessons /techniques/methodologies have to be learned from the failed projects and the project manager/ project authorities have to continue for the new project. Project management is one of the methodologies which deals the projects in a systematic manner and says the following are the essential factors to be made to complete successfully with a project: Clarity In Project Definition: Project manager has to make himself/herself with a clear idea and definition of the project, but not only he/she but also to his/her project team. He/she have to make sure about the project specifications such as â€Å"what the project is about† its aim, objectives, and its deliverables, etc. For example we can talk about the case studies of some unsuccessful projects due to indistinct objectives and aims which are documented by Gray and Larson (Gray and Larson, 2002). Thus the chances of increasing project success lies in clear and distinct objectives and aims. Project Feasibility: It is one among the factors which talks about the social, economical, political, human, cultural, financial and environmental factors which underpins to the achievement of the project (Fullen, 2005). According to Khatib this factors would produce a good result for a project which undergoes a serious study, specified aim and objective and allocation of time (Khatib, 2003). Consistent feasibility makes a project manager to define himself with a clear and well project aim, time specifications, and allocation of resources. A positive feasibility brings more chances to lead a project success. Planning: â€Å"According to Kerzner project planning; in general, can best be described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. It can be described as a forecasting the environment and predefined course of action† (Kerzner, 2003 ). According to Kerzner, there are four basic reasons for project planning: Elimination or reduction of uncertainty. Improving the efficiency of the operation. Understanding a better understanding of the objectives. To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work. (Adapted from Kerzner, 2003) Work Breakdown Structure (Wbs): The important task to be done by the project manger after project planning is dividing the work into manageable tasks. â€Å"The work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables† (PMBOK, 2004). The work breakdown structure also explains complete scope of the project. The WBS divides the work into small tasks which are manageable and will have a specific responsible authority will be allocated, it will be in a manner of integratable so that the total work package is the summation of subdivided elements, and it will be as much as easy to be measure in terms of progress like estimating cost, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling (Kerzner, 2003). Involvement Of Project Stakeholders: â€Å"Project stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). Project stakeholders are also a part of the project success, to ensure this success the project team have to identify their requirements, expectations, and their influence on the project. Stakeholders may have various levels of authority/responsibility on the project; they may vary from occasional contributors to full sponsors for the project. â€Å"Stakeholder who ignores this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives. Likewise, project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). The above figure shows that every individual project is similar to the structure of the earth where in each sector plays an important role here the most interior structure is project manager who forms the base of any project. The project manager forms the integral part of a project management team along with whom he carry on the project. The project manager and the project management team together comprises of a project team where in this team wholly concentrate on the project that is to be taken. These three together works for the satisfaction of the stakeholders interested in the completion of the project it may comprises of the senior management of the company the owners and the clients of the company. Staffing The Project Manager And Project Team: As mention above to my literature the successful project includes; on time delivery, must come across stakeholders expectations, within budget and have to congregate the project deliverables (Cooke-Davies, 2004). Project manager is one who plays a vital role to mix all stuff to formulate the project to a success. â€Å"Project manager is the individual ultimately responsible for managing and leading the project to its successful conclusion† (Paul D, 2005). It is a role that entails a mix of competencies, combining management with leadership and political awareness (Pinto, 2000). Though understanding the role of project manager sounds good, but the upper management always find difficulties in the selection of a correct project manager. â€Å"Project management is said to be successful only if the project manager and his team are totally dedicated to the successful completion of the project. This requires the project team and project manager must have good understanding of the fundamental project requirements† (Kerzner, 2003). For this reason the upper management have to look up/focus at the following skills in the selection process from the individual to appoint him/her as a project manager: (this are requirements demanded by a SME in its advertisement for a facilities planning and development project manager (adapted from The New York Times, January 2, 1972) (source: Kerzner, 2003) Business Management Skills: If project management is itself an organization, as the whole project group will work as a solo unit for the achievement of a common goal, then the project manager is the CEO of this organization. So the organization skills are predominantly important during project development. With strong business management skills, he/she must be able to achieve the most excellent hysterics across teams and in the midst of all project resources of the organisation. â€Å"It requires defining the reporting relationship, responsibilities, line of control, and information needs. A good program plan and a task matrix are useful organisation tools plus clear defined program objectives, open communication channels, good program leadership, and senior management support† (Kerzner, 2003). Leadership Skills: Project manager is the one who has to manage his/her team and make them to follow him/her, has to act as a leader. He/she has to have a clear project leadership and own direction to direct the team members. He/she must be able to solve the conflicts, assistance in problem-solving, as a project leader he/she as to represent his/her team to upper level management. He/she as to motivate the project team members towards common vision. Project manager as a leader has to remain as a inspiration to his/her project team (Kerzner, 2003). Technical Skills: Technical skills is an superlative addition remark for a project manager, if his proficiency applicable to the project, by this he/she can have good thoughts and understanding about the projects and can work out more for his/her profound project objective (Horine 2005; Murch 2001). Now a day this skills achieved a greater importance, without technical skills a project manager cannot understand the present market, updated technology and the environment of the business. With the help of these technical skills one can understand the consequences or technical risks that encounter in the project, for example a software engineer being as a project manager and handling a software development project can easily sort the risks that appear in that project. He/she can make sure of his/her project team with a clear understanding of the foreseen risks that may appear in the project. â€Å"According to Kerzner, 2003 the technical expertise is composed of the following understanding: Technology involved Engineering tools and techniques employed Specified markets, their customers, and requirements Product application Technological trends and evolutions Relationship among supporting technologies People who are part of the technical community† (Source: Kerzner, 2003) Communication Skills: Another important skill set must be posed by the project manager is communication skills. â€Å"Project manager influence people o take action, this requires an ability to communicate in a style appropriate for the individual concerned† (Paul D, 2005). Project manager is the communication channel throughout the project. Project manager is effective means of communication hub between the project team and the end users. Project manager have to act as a communication radio and have to carry the stakeholders expectations towards the project team and have to bring the project to a successful effective end. Moreover, a successful project manager ensures smooth information sharing across teams via instilling a communication-driven environment that allows for efficient spread, user-friendliness and use of information. Conflict Resolution Skills: No project end up successfully without any conflicts, there might be foreseen risks or conflicts between the project team members or conflicts between project team and stakeholders. So this is the main reason that the project manager, the CEO of project management organization has to possess the problem solving skills/conflict resolution skills. Project success lies with how well the project manager solves the problems/conflicts. Soundness of the solution taken by the project manager with a logical and analytical thinking conforms how well the project manager good at reaching the project to a successful end. However these conflicts are beneficial to a project which indirectly increases the competiveness among the team members involved the project (Kerzner, 2003). Project Management Experience: Implementing successful project management lies in the hands of able project manager, so the project manager is responsible character and must possess prior project management experience in general. Project management is body of knowledge which can be learned from the realistic knowledge, but its not a skill which comes by itself. A well qualified project manager will be very much able to implement a successful project management into an organization. Past knowledge makes a manager to overcome all the challenges that he/she face in completing a project by using project management. Other Skills: There are so many other skills such as planning, resource allocation, management support building, and time management skills, etc, which make the project manager to lay his/her path successful in controlling the projects successfully. Not only this but also the entrepreneurial skills and administrative skills are very important in understanding the tactics and implement them in his/her own project and make the project victorious (Kerzner, 2003). A Critical Analysis Of Effective Risk Management Through Project Management Practices In Small And Medium Enterprises In India: Risk: Vose (2008, p. 3) defines the term risk as â€Å"a random event that may possibly occur and, if it did occur, would have a negative impact on the goals of the organization. Thus, a risk is composed of three elements: the scenario; its probability of occurrence; and the size of its impact if it did occur†. Any risk could prove an organisation wrong in its quest to achieve success. Risks can occur in various forms and their impact can vary under a lot of factors. In a high cost business environment that is under fierce competition from companies not just on a national, but also on a global level, the chances of risks arising multiply quickly and heavily (Crouhy et al., 2000). A firm can easily lose its name in the market because they had overlooked a miniscule drawback that their competitors overcame. Therefore, risks not only carry financial implications with them, but also other factors such as brand image, market credibility or loss of market share. To analyse and understand these implications, it is necessary to understand the types of risks and their varying characteristics (Flynn, 2008). Click and Duening (2004) have come up with a list of the various types of risks such as human capital risks, Confidentiality risks, overall project risks, and scope risks, delay risks, estimation risks and dependency risks may occur in the business. In addition to this there might be property (intellectual), legal, value related or unavoidable natural risks that generally exist and arise in a business. Types of risks: Human capital risks This has always been an important part of the business activity. People who work towards organizational goals are the most critical assets of the firm and the project (Beasley et al., 2004). A loss of an employee who was very important to the smooth functioning of a project can be a risky proposition because a new individual joining the project would need time to understand and evaluate a lot of factors contributing to the project. This would invariably lead to loss of productivity, a slump in team morale or even loss of time and money (Flynn, 2008). Project risks – These risks arise because of a lot of other risks contributing to the main risk of a project being delayed or even shelved in certain cases. There have also been instances where proper planning and regulation were absent or goals misunderstood leading to extended timeframes to complete the project thus leading to increased investments of critical resources (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A very good example of project risks can be seen in Government funded public projects or even military developmental projects where public time and money is involved. Confidentiality risk: The second most important risk that may appear in dealing a project is confidentiality risk, it mostly appear due to lack of secrecy. This is especially for the large projects. The information have to be kept confidential, if not the competitors with large team members may understand the work flow/formulae of the project and be able to built the project earlier as before you can. We must be careful especially when we involve contractors or outsiders into the project. Effective project management may help in having a good communication line among the team members, marketing staff, and contractors; this may helps to keep the information confidential (T Kendrick, 2009) Scope risks: This is another type of risk which mostly appears when the project starts to take a shape. This is due to requirement of a new technology, unfamiliar developments of tools or methods, poor testing criteria, inconsistent specification, undefined product definition, and technical complication (T Kendrick, 2009) Delay risks: Delay risk is part of schedule risks and these are after scope risks, these risks mainly appear due to the delay of the essential parts required for a project, it include customs, Paperwork, delivery, and related concerns. This is also due to the delay of information needed, communication gap and misunderstanding among the team members/ project stakeholders, etc. Due this factor the project may delay for some days, months or may be for years (T Kendrick, 2009) Estimating risks: Estimating risk appears mostly in technical projects. Project manager mostly says the typical risks arise in the project is estimating risks. Estimating risks occurs when there are learning curves ( when the quality of estimates of new technology, or new people involvement is not good), judgements (misunderstanding, disintegration of work), and imposed deadlines (forceful deadlines set in advance, when an objective is retained) (T Kendrick, 2009) Dependency risks: Other projects, infrastructure factors, and legal issues are three sub categories of dependency risks. In general large project are sub divided into small projects and mostly these small project will be dependent on the other, unfortunately when one small project is delayed/stopped the other projects which are dependent on it will be delayed. â€Å"Even for the interfaces that were defined in advance, delay was fairly common due to the uncertainty in each project† (T Kendrick, 2009) The above section has detailed the different types of risks that normally exist or co-exist in projects. Their modes of occurrence and the impact they can have on the project and the firm has been explained in brief. The following part would attempt to explain ways that firms, projects and managers involved employ to analyse and manage the same since the occurrence of a risk can pose a threat to the above in terms of time, money or even failure to deliver what has been promised. Analyzing And Managing Risks: Ways to manage risks with limited impact on other resources: Risks are present in abundance in any IT and outsourcing industries because of the processes being tightly interlinked such as business processes, database, or process reengineering. Therefore, it is very important to: Identify risks. Weigh risks for probability of risk occurring. Weigh risks for criticality/impact at your operations. Plan to reduce risk (to zero if appropriate, for example for a safety critical industry) (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A simple way of explaining risk analysis is to take an airplane for example because the traveler, who is the user, has zero tolerance to risks. In similar manner, risk analysis can be carried out for other products and services too. The most important indicative risks are business continuity management risks, information security/data privacy risks and process related risks (Lock, 2001). The need to evaluate and monitor risks involved from an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) perspective takes higher priority over other means of analysis in the information age of business (Flynn, 2008). It can be seen in the ERM diagram below the different risks across the entire organization that exist or arise and the need for them to be managed effectively (Beasley et al., 2004). An important reason firms should stress on analysing risks is the realization that risks delay chances of sticking to time schedules agreed by project leaders to customers in turn; leading to increased investment of resources in the form of man hours and time (PMBOK, 2004). This causes increase in investment of capital, which is something neither customers nor firms involved like to do. Risks occur at every stage of a project thus increasing stress on carrying out risk analysis and minimize the effects of risks on a given project. It means that risks and errors still occur when thorough analyses of their occurrence have been chalked out and steps have been implemented to minimize the effects they have on a project (Burke, 1999). However, prior knowledge of a risk occurring at a given period in the project enables people involved to counter the risk effectively and minimize or erase the impact it could have had on the project. Before the project could be initiated, assessing risks by knowing in exact what the project intends to do and the reason for it to be outsourced becomes very important. This could include assessing project behaviour under varying market conditions and the expected growth rate it can attain within a given period of time (Dickson, 2003). Risks need to be analyzed in a detailed manner by the top management in order to understand the various options available to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. This understanding and analysis becomes significant in implementing a sound risk management plan. A project taken up poses as a risk in itself to explore opportunities that lie waiting on the other side. Therefore, threats need to be minimized a